It replies upon transmission and reflection of ultrasonic beams ,or waves of frequencies between 100 kHz and 25 MHz.

The ultrasonic waves are usually produced by the piezoelectric effect wuthin the crystal probe which is placed on the surface of the specimen.

Discontinuities below the surface causes reflection of the ultrasonic waves which appear as peaks upon the cathode-ray oscilloscope receiver.

The size of the peak seen on the receiving tube is some indication of the size of the defect.

The crystal probe thus becomes the receiver as well as the transmitter.

Ultrasonic techniques are useful for detecting cracks, voids and defects far below the surface as well as near the surface.

The basic principle of ultrasonic inspection shown in below

While radiation and ultrasonic tests are very sophisticated and yields excellent results under almost all circumstances, the older hammer test is still employed for the detection of internal defects.

If a sound object, that is one free from large internal flaws, is struck sharply with a suitable hammer it emits a clear ranging note, whereas a defective object emits a flat, unequal note.

This test gives valuable information to a skilled operator about the quality of the object.

https://devildreamer1913.blogspot.com/2019/11/blog-post_98.html

These tests are based on the absorption and dispersion of X-rays or gamma rays passing through the material. By means of a luminescent screen or photographic plate, point of varying radiaion intensity that occurs at faults can be detected.

as radiation sources, X rays produced by betatron devuces ( electron centrifuge) or gamma rays produces by radio – active decay processes are used. In these methods the radiation is passed through the metal being examined and then allowed to impinge upon sensitive film.
Thus,if an object has an internal defect, more radiation will be passed through the deffective area then through the sound region and the defect will show up as a dark area on the film.
Unfortunately, scattering tends to obscure the defect, so that small defects may not be detected. In general, X- rays are preferred for laboratory testing since they offer greater control over intensity and they produce sharpher pictures.
X-ray equipment is generally large and bulky, where as gamma radiography depends upon the use of small, mobile sources of radioactivity, such as radioactive cobalt,iridium,samorium and other radioactive elements.
In addition gamma rays, through of the same nature as X-ray, have a generally shorter wave length and therefore, more effective in the study of thick sections.it shows the basic principle of X-ray inspection.
In radio graphic tests, the inclusions appear darker, while blow- holes, cavities and porosity appear lighter, than the surrounding metal.

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Whether you want to increase the performance of your equipment or to reduce the life cycle costs to increase profitability, you can benefit from NKE’s professional advice and Technical expertise. We have developed executive solutions in a wide spectrum of industries,

for example:

1 wind energy.

2 agriculture machinery

3 gearboxes

4 construction and heavy machiner

5 pumps

6 electrical Motors

7 iron and Steels

8 Railways

9 general machinery

NKE Austria is a bearing manufacturer in the premium class. Technical competence, flexibility, creativity and continuous improvement – these are the values of n k e treasured by our customers.

Manufacturing is a collection of interrelated activities that includes product design, documentation, material selection, planning, production, Quality Assurance, management and marketing of goods.
The aim of manufacturing activities is to convert raw materials into finished goods on a profitable basis.

Productivity: the dictionary meaning of the productivity is “the quality or state of being productive”. This has originated from the understanding of the meaning of productive efficiency that is responsible for the growth of the economic condition of any industry or Industries as the whole resulting in the the prosperity of of the society for improving the standard of living of its people. Productivity is the output input ratio within a time period with due consideration for quality. In short,

Productivity = output /input
or
P = O/I
The concept of productivity implies effectiveness and efficiency of individual and organisational performance.
Different techniques of productivity improvement may be classified into five basic types… These are:

1. employee – based techniques
2. Task – based techniques
3. Technology – based techniques
4. Material – based techniques
5. Product – based techniques

1. In core side, any kind of department or any management required only the skill that, how you did improved the productivity or result, and how much you are kept your efforts on the work.
2. If you don’t have marks and grades but, if you want to survive at working place, defiantly you can maintain the discipline, working mentality, implementation of Superiors advises.
   This thing is only for your jobs security but you need to observe and learn each and everything from what you are doing and what superiors said.
3. Always you can keep leaning what ever it. that will helpful at any where.
4. Managements will observe at you for how much you are owned the work, dont run for impress any one just run for learn more and more…

All the best keep learning and grow well

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